Exploring the Venues Where Rugby is Usually Played: A Comprehensive Guide

Rugby is a sport that is played in many different countries around the world. It is a physically demanding game that requires strength, speed, and agility. But where is rugby usually played? In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the various venues where rugby is played, from stadiums to community fields. We will take a look at the different types of surfaces that are used for rugby, such as grass, artificial turf, and mud. We will also discuss the unique challenges and opportunities that come with playing rugby in different weather conditions. So, whether you’re a seasoned rugby player or just a fan of the sport, join us as we explore the venues where rugby is usually played.

What is Rugby?

A Brief Overview

Rugby is a popular contact team sport that originated in England in the early 19th century. It is played by two teams, each consisting of 15 players, who compete against each other to score points by carrying, passing, and kicking an oval-shaped ball across the opponent’s goal line. The game is played on a rectangular field with a set of rules and regulations that govern the players’ actions during the game.

Rugby is a physically demanding sport that requires strength, speed, agility, and endurance. It is played with a high level of intensity and involves a lot of physical contact between the players. The game is divided into two halves, each lasting for 40 minutes, with a 10-minute break in between.

The sport has gained popularity worldwide and is played at various levels, from amateur to professional. The top international rugby tournaments include the Rugby World Cup, the Six Nations Championship, and the British and Irish Lions tour. Rugby has also evolved into different forms, such as rugby union, rugby league, and touch rugby, each with its own set of rules and regulations.

Overall, rugby is a challenging and exciting sport that requires a high level of skill, strategy, and physical fitness. Its popularity continues to grow, and it remains a beloved sport for many people around the world.

The Popularity of Rugby

Rugby is a physically demanding sport that has gained immense popularity across the globe. The game is played by two teams, each consisting of 15 players, and the objective is to score points by carrying the ball over the opponent’s try line or by kicking goals. The game originated in England in the early 19th century and has since spread to other countries, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and France.

One of the reasons for the popularity of rugby is its fast-paced and exciting nature. The game is full of intense physical confrontations, making it a favorite among sports enthusiasts who enjoy high-impact action. Rugby also has a strong sense of camaraderie and teamwork, which appeals to many players and fans.

Another factor contributing to the popularity of rugby is its global reach. The sport is played in over 120 countries, with major tournaments such as the Rugby World Cup and the Six Nations Championship attracting millions of viewers worldwide. The popularity of rugby has also led to the development of professional leagues, such as the English Premiership and the French Top 14, which have helped to raise the profile of the sport and attract even more fans.

Overall, the popularity of rugby continues to grow, and the sport remains an important part of the cultural landscape in many countries around the world.

The Need for a Comprehensive Guide

The sport of rugby has grown in popularity over the years, and it is now played at various levels, from local to international competitions. The sport requires a specific playing field, which is known as a rugby pitch. The need for a comprehensive guide to explore the venues where rugby is usually played arises from the fact that there are different types of rugby pitches, each with its own unique features. This guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the different types of rugby pitches, their dimensions, and the factors that influence their selection. By the end of this guide, readers will have a better understanding of the venues where rugby is usually played and the factors that affect the selection of these venues.

Rugby Venues

Key takeaway: Rugby is a popular contact team sport that requires a high level of skill, strategy, and physical fitness. There are different types of rugby pitches, each with its own unique features, and choosing the right venue is crucial for a safe and enjoyable game. The location, weather, facilities, and accessibility of the venue are all important factors to consider when selecting a venue for a rugby match. Additionally, the stadium atmosphere, fan culture, concessions, merchandise, seating and ticketing options, transportation, and parking also play a significant role in enhancing the overall match day experience.

Grass Pitches

Grass pitches are the most traditional and widely used venues for rugby matches. They offer a natural playing surface that provides a consistent and reliable playing experience. Grass pitches are made up of a carefully maintained mix of grass and soil, and they are designed to provide players with optimal traction and support.

One of the main advantages of grass pitches is that they provide a more natural playing experience. The grass surface can help reduce the impact of falls and collisions, which can help prevent injuries. Additionally, grass pitches can be easier on the feet, which can be particularly important for players who play multiple games in a single day.

Another advantage of grass pitches is that they are more affordable than other types of playing surfaces. They require less maintenance than artificial turf, and they can be easily repaired if they become damaged. Additionally, grass pitches can be used for a variety of other sports, which can make them a more versatile option for sports clubs and facilities.

However, grass pitches do have some disadvantages. They can be prone to muddy conditions during rainy weather, which can make them slippery and difficult to play on. Additionally, grass pitches require regular maintenance, which can be time-consuming and expensive.

Overall, grass pitches are a popular choice for rugby matches due to their natural playing surface and affordability. While they may require more maintenance than other types of playing surfaces, they offer a reliable and consistent playing experience that is ideal for both amateur and professional rugby players.

Artificial Turf Fields

Artificial turf fields have become increasingly popular as a venue for rugby matches, particularly in urban areas where space is limited. These fields are constructed with a synthetic surface that mimics the look and feel of natural grass, but with the added benefit of being more durable and easier to maintain.

Advantages of Artificial Turf Fields

  • Durability: Artificial turf fields can withstand heavy use and extreme weather conditions, making them a reliable option for rugby matches.
  • Low maintenance: Unlike natural grass fields, artificial turf fields do not require regular mowing, watering, or fertilizing, saving time and money in the long run.
  • Consistency: The playing surface on artificial turf fields remains consistent, eliminating the risk of muddy or uneven fields that can affect gameplay.

Disadvantages of Artificial Turf Fields

  • Cost: The initial cost of constructing an artificial turf field can be high, and the field may need to be replaced every 8-10 years.
  • Lack of natural feel: Some players may find that the synthetic surface does not feel like natural grass, which can affect their performance.
  • Heat retention: Artificial turf fields can become hot during sunny weather, which can be uncomfortable for players and may affect gameplay.

Choosing the Right Artificial Turf Field

When choosing an artificial turf field for a rugby match, it is important to consider the following factors:

  • Quality of the surface: The surface should be made of high-quality materials that can withstand heavy use and extreme weather conditions.
  • Size and layout: The field should be large enough to accommodate the number of players and should be laid out according to rugby regulations.
  • Location and accessibility: The field should be easily accessible and located in a safe and convenient area.

In conclusion, artificial turf fields can be a great option for rugby matches, particularly in urban areas where space is limited. However, it is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of this type of venue and to choose the right field to ensure a safe and enjoyable game for all players.

Indoor Venues

Indoor rugby is becoming increasingly popular, particularly in colder climates where outdoor playing conditions may be limited during certain times of the year. There are a variety of indoor venues that cater to rugby, including sports halls, indoor turf fields, and even converted warehouses.

Sports Halls

Sports halls are the most common type of indoor rugby venue. They are typically large, open spaces that are equipped with a hardcourt surface, such as basketball or volleyball court markings. These venues are often found in sports centers or community facilities and can accommodate a range of different rugby games, from touch rugby to full-contact matches.

Indoor Turf Fields

Indoor turf fields are becoming more popular as a rugby venue, particularly in urban areas where space is limited. These venues are typically made up of artificial turf that is laid over a concrete or metal surface. They are designed to replicate outdoor playing conditions as closely as possible, and are often used for training and tournaments.

Converted Warehouses

Converted warehouses are another option for indoor rugby venues. These spaces are often large and open, making them ideal for accommodating a range of different rugby games. They may be equipped with a variety of features, such as basketball hoops or climbing walls, that can add an extra level of excitement to the game.

In summary, indoor rugby venues offer a range of options for players who want to continue playing the sport year-round, regardless of the weather. From sports halls to indoor turf fields and converted warehouses, there are plenty of options to choose from.

Other Unusual Venues

When it comes to playing rugby, the traditional venues such as stadiums and fields are the most common options. However, there are also some unusual venues where rugby is played, including:

Beach Rugby

Beach rugby is a variation of rugby that is played on sand instead of grass or turf. The game is played with the same rules as regular rugby, but the sand makes it more challenging for players to maintain their footing and pass the ball. Beach rugby is popular in countries with coastlines, such as Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Indoor Rugby

Indoor rugby is played in a gymnasium or other enclosed space. The game is played with a smaller ball and the rules are modified to accommodate the smaller playing area. Indoor rugby is popular in colder climates where outdoor playing conditions may be too harsh during the winter months.

Pitch Rugby

Pitch rugby is played on a synthetic turf field that is surrounded by a wall. The field is smaller than a regular rugby field, and the wall acts as a barrier to keep the ball in play. Pitch rugby is popular in countries such as France and Italy, where space is limited.

These unusual venues offer a unique experience for rugby players and fans alike. They provide a change of pace from the traditional rugby venues and can be a lot of fun to play and watch.

Factors Affecting Rugby Venues

Location

When it comes to selecting a venue for a rugby match, location is a crucial factor to consider. The location of the stadium or field can have a significant impact on the overall experience of the game, as well as the safety and comfort of the players and spectators.

One important aspect of location is accessibility. The venue should be easily accessible by public transportation, with well-marked signs and clear directions to guide visitors to the stadium. Additionally, ample parking space should be available for those who prefer to drive.

Another factor to consider is the climate. Rugby is typically played in outdoor stadiums, so the location should be chosen based on the climate of the region. For example, a stadium located in a hot and humid area may need to have better ventilation and cooling systems to keep players and spectators comfortable during the game.

The proximity of the venue to nearby attractions can also affect its appeal. For example, a stadium located near a popular tourist destination may attract more visitors, as they can combine their love for rugby with sightseeing.

Furthermore, the location of the venue can impact the level of competition. A stadium located in a rugby-rich area may attract more competitive teams and better players, while a stadium in a less-popular rugby region may struggle to attract top talent.

In summary, the location of a rugby venue is a critical factor to consider. Accessibility, climate, proximity to attractions, and the level of competition are all important aspects that can impact the overall experience of the game.

Weather

In rugby, the weather conditions can significantly impact the choice of venue for a match. Some of the key weather factors that affect the selection of rugby venues include:

  • Temperature: High temperatures can make the playing surface hot and uncomfortable for players, while low temperatures can make the ball harder to grip and control.
  • Humidity: High humidity levels can cause the ball to become slippery, making it difficult for players to maintain their footing and grip on the ball.
  • Wind: Strong winds can affect the flight of the ball and make it difficult for players to accurately throw or kick the ball.
  • Rain: Rain can make the playing surface slippery and cause the ball to become wet and heavy, affecting the players’ ability to handle it.
  • Sunlight: Direct sunlight can cause glare on the playing surface, making it difficult for players to see the ball and their opponents.

Considering these weather factors, rugby matches are often scheduled to be played in venues that offer adequate protection from the elements. This includes stadiums with roofs or shaded areas, as well as venues with proper drainage systems to ensure that the playing surface remains dry and safe for play.

Facilities

Rugby is a physically demanding sport that requires a specific set of facilities to ensure the safety and well-being of the players. The facilities required for rugby are not only important for the players’ safety but also play a crucial role in the quality of the game. The following are some of the key facilities that are necessary for rugby venues:

Pitch and Field

The pitch and field are the most critical components of a rugby venue. The pitch should be made of natural grass or a high-quality artificial turf that is suitable for rugby. The field should be rectangular in shape and have markings for the try line, touchline, and other relevant lines. The pitch should be well-maintained, with a good drainage system, and have a consistent playing surface to avoid injuries and disruptions to the game.

Stand and Seating

A stand or seating area is essential for spectators to watch the game. The stand should be designed to accommodate a significant number of spectators, providing them with a clear view of the game. The seating should be comfortable, with enough legroom and space to move around. The stand should also have proper lighting and ventilation to ensure the comfort of the spectators.

Stadium

A stadium is a large enclosed area that is designed to host sports events, including rugby. The stadium should have a suitable capacity to accommodate the number of spectators expected to attend the game. It should also have facilities such as restrooms, concessions, and merchandise stands. The stadium should be well-maintained, with a good drainage system, and have a suitable playing surface for the game.

Equipment and Safety Gear

Rugby is a contact sport that requires players to wear appropriate safety gear, including helmets, mouthguards, and shoulder pads. The venue should have a sufficient supply of safety gear to ensure the safety of the players. It should also have equipment such as balls, cones, and other accessories required for the game.

Medical Facilities

Medical facilities are critical for rugby venues, especially in cases of injuries. The venue should have a well-equipped first-aid kit and a designated medical area. The medical staff should be trained and equipped to handle injuries that may occur during the game.

In conclusion, the facilities required for rugby venues are critical for the safety and well-being of the players and the quality of the game. The pitch and field, stand and seating, stadium, equipment and safety gear, and medical facilities are all essential components of a rugby venue. It is important to ensure that these facilities meet the necessary standards to provide a safe and enjoyable experience for the players and spectators.

Accessibility

When considering the factors that affect the venues where rugby is usually played, accessibility is a crucial factor to consider. Accessibility refers to the ease with which people can reach a particular venue. There are several aspects of accessibility that must be considered when selecting a venue for a rugby match.

  • Location: The location of the venue is an essential factor to consider. A venue that is situated in a remote area or in a location that is difficult to access can discourage spectators from attending the match. The venue should be easily accessible by public transport, and there should be ample parking space available for those who prefer to drive.
  • Infrastructure: The infrastructure of the venue is also an important consideration. The venue should have adequate facilities to accommodate the spectators, including seating, toilets, and food and drink outlets. The venue should also have appropriate lighting and sound systems to ensure that the match can be enjoyed by all spectators.
  • Disability access: The venue should be accessible to people with disabilities. This includes providing ramps, lifts, and other accessibility features to ensure that people with disabilities can access the venue and enjoy the match.
  • Safety: The safety of the spectators is a crucial consideration when selecting a venue for a rugby match. The venue should be safe and secure, with adequate security measures in place to prevent any potential incidents. The venue should also have appropriate medical facilities in case of any emergencies.

In conclusion, accessibility is a critical factor to consider when selecting a venue for a rugby match. The venue should be easily accessible, have adequate infrastructure, be accessible to people with disabilities, and prioritize safety to ensure that all spectators can enjoy the match.

Rugby Match Day Experience

Stadium Atmosphere

Rugby matches are usually played in stadiums, which provide a unique atmosphere that can be quite different from other sports. The stadium atmosphere is a crucial aspect of the rugby match day experience, and it can greatly influence the performance of the players on the field. Here are some of the key factors that contribute to the stadium atmosphere in rugby:

The Crowd

The crowd is perhaps the most important factor that contributes to the stadium atmosphere in rugby. Rugby matches attract passionate fans who are eager to support their team and create a lively atmosphere. The crowd’s energy and enthusiasm can be contagious, and it can motivate the players to perform at their best. The crowd’s chants, songs, and cheers can also create a sense of unity and camaraderie among the fans, which can enhance their overall experience.

The Field

The field is another important factor that contributes to the stadium atmosphere in rugby. The field is where the players compete, and it is the center of attention for the fans. The condition of the field can affect the players’ performance, and it can also impact the overall atmosphere of the match. A well-maintained field with good turf and clear markings can create a sense of professionalism and competitiveness, while a poorly maintained field can detract from the overall experience.

The Scoreboard

The scoreboard is a crucial element of the stadium atmosphere in rugby. It provides fans with a clear view of the score, and it helps to keep them engaged and informed throughout the match. The scoreboard can also create a sense of drama and tension, especially during close games. The timing of the scoreboard updates can also impact the atmosphere, as fans may become more excited or anxious depending on the score and the time remaining in the game.

The Sound System

The sound system is another important factor that contributes to the stadium atmosphere in rugby. The sound system is responsible for playing music, announcements, and other audio content during the match. The sound system can help to create a lively and energetic atmosphere, especially during breaks in the action. However, if the sound system is not well-maintained or if the audio content is poorly selected, it can detract from the overall experience and create a negative impression.

Overall, the stadium atmosphere is a critical component of the rugby match day experience. By understanding the key factors that contribute to the atmosphere, fans can better appreciate the unique nature of rugby and enhance their overall enjoyment of the sport.

Fan Culture

Rugby has a passionate fan base that spans across the globe. The sport’s popularity has cultivated a unique and vibrant fan culture that adds to the excitement of match day. Here are some of the aspects that contribute to the fan culture of rugby:

  • Territory and Loyalty: Rugby fans are fiercely loyal to their teams and territories. Each team has its own distinct culture and history, which fans take great pride in. The rivalries between teams are intense, and fans will go to great lengths to support their team, whether it’s through vocal support, face paint, or team jerseys.
  • Hospitality and Community: Rugby matches are more than just a game; they’re an opportunity for fans to connect with each other and build a sense of community. Fans often gather in pubs or fan parks before and after the match to socialize, enjoy food and drinks, and celebrate their team’s victories or commiserate over losses. This sense of camaraderie is a defining characteristic of rugby’s fan culture.
  • Chants and Songs: Rugby fans are known for their loud and passionate support during matches. They often participate in chants and songs that help to rally their team and intimidate the opposition. These chants and songs are often specific to each team and have been passed down through generations of fans. Some of the most popular chants include “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,” “Celtic Warrior,” and “Wales, Glorious Wales.”
  • Creativity and Self-Expression: Rugby fans are known for their creativity and self-expression. Many fans wear elaborate costumes or face paint to matches, while others wave flags or banners in support of their team. This creativity is often displayed in the stands, where fans have come up with unique ways to display their team spirit. Some fans even go as far as to create elaborate displays of fireworks or smoke bombs, although this behavior is often discouraged due to safety concerns.
  • Inclusivity and Diversity: Rugby’s fan culture is inclusive and diverse, with fans from all walks of life coming together to support their team. The sport has a strong tradition of promoting values such as teamwork, respect, and discipline, which are reflected in the behavior of fans. Despite the intensity of the rivalries between teams, fans generally treat each other with respect and sportsmanship, regardless of their background or beliefs.

Overall, rugby’s fan culture is a vital part of the sport’s appeal. It adds to the excitement of match day and helps to create a sense of community and belonging among fans. Whether it’s through vocal support, creative self-expression, or socializing with other fans, rugby’s fan culture is an integral part of the sport’s enduring popularity.

Concessions and Merchandise

The Role of Concessions in Rugby Match Day Experience

Rugby matches are an exciting spectacle, and one of the most enjoyable aspects of attending a match is indulging in some delicious concessions. Rugby stadiums and arenas typically offer a wide range of food and drink options that cater to the diverse tastes of fans. Whether you’re in the mood for classic game day snacks like hot dogs and popcorn or something more exotic like biltong or fushu, rugby stadiums have it all.

Concession Stand Favorites

Rugby fans love their traditional match day foods, and rugby stadiums make sure to provide an array of options to satisfy their appetites. Hot dogs, hamburgers, and pizza are always popular choices, but many stadiums also offer unique, regional delicacies. For example, in New Zealand, you might find meat pies and sausage rolls, while in South Africa, you could try boerewors rolls or bobotie burgers.

In addition to classic game day snacks, many rugby stadiums offer a variety of healthier options as well. You can find fresh fruit, salads, and vegetarian options to fuel your body throughout the match. And for those with a sweet tooth, stadiums typically offer a range of desserts, including ice cream, churros, and cotton candy.

The Significance of Merchandise in Rugby Match Day Experience

Rugby merchandise is a significant part of the match day experience. Rugby fans love to show their team spirit by wearing jerseys, scarves, and hats, and rugby stadiums make it easy to do so. Stadium shops often sell a variety of merchandise, from official team gear to unique fan apparel.

Rugby merchandise is not just for fashion; it’s also a way for fans to show their support for their team. Many fans collect rugby memorabilia, such as autographed balls or signed jerseys, as a way to commemorate their favorite players and teams. Stadiums often have dedicated merchandise areas, where fans can purchase exclusive items that are only available at the stadium.

Furthermore, rugby merchandise is also a popular souvenir for visitors who attend matches. Rugby fans from around the world come to see matches at iconic stadiums like Twickenham in London or Eden Park in Auckland, and they often purchase merchandise as a keepsake of their experience.

In conclusion, concessions and merchandise play a significant role in enhancing the rugby match day experience. Rugby stadiums offer a wide range of food and drink options to cater to fans’ diverse tastes, and they provide ample opportunities for fans to show their team spirit through official merchandise and collectibles.

Seating and Ticketing

Attending a rugby match is an exciting experience, and one of the essential aspects of the match day experience is seating and ticketing. Most rugby stadiums offer various seating options to cater to different preferences and budgets. Here are some details on seating and ticketing at rugby stadiums:

General Admission

Some rugby stadiums offer general admission seating, which means that spectators can sit anywhere in the designated seating area. This type of seating is usually available on a first-come, first-served basis, and it is often the most affordable option. General admission seating is ideal for fans who want to mingle with other supporters and enjoy a more casual viewing experience.

Reserved Seating

Reserved seating is a popular option for rugby matches, as it guarantees a specific seat for the duration of the match. Reserved seating is usually allocated on a first-come, first-served basis, and fans can choose their seats based on availability. Reserved seating is ideal for fans who want to have a guaranteed view of the game and have a more comfortable and private seating experience.

Premium Seating

Premium seating is the most luxurious seating option available at rugby stadiums. Premium seating typically includes seats that are located close to the field, access to exclusive lounges and amenities, and VIP parking. Premium seating is ideal for fans who want to experience the match in style and luxury and have access to exclusive amenities.

Ticketing Options

Rugby stadiums offer various ticketing options to cater to different needs and budgets. Here are some common ticketing options available at rugby stadiums:

  • Single Match Tickets: These are tickets that are sold for a specific match and are typically the most affordable option.
  • Season Tickets: These are tickets that provide access to all home matches for a specific season. Season tickets are often more affordable than buying individual match tickets.
  • Group Tickets: These are tickets that are sold in groups of 10 or more and are ideal for sports teams, corporate outings, or large groups of friends.
  • Student Tickets: These are discounted tickets that are available to students with valid student IDs.
  • Family Tickets: These are tickets that are sold at a discounted rate for families with children.

Overall, seating and ticketing options at rugby stadiums vary depending on the stadium and the match. Fans can choose from general admission, reserved seating, premium seating, and various ticketing options to suit their preferences and budgets.

Transportation and Parking

Rugby matches are typically held in stadiums or other large venues, and fans often need to consider transportation and parking when planning their match day experience.

Public Transportation

Many stadiums are located near public transportation hubs, such as train stations or bus stops, making it easy for fans to get to the game without driving. Fans can check the transportation options available for the specific stadium they will be attending and plan their route accordingly.

Parking

For fans who choose to drive to the stadium, parking can be a major concern. Some stadiums offer on-site parking, while others have nearby parking lots or garages that fans can use. Fans should check the availability and cost of parking beforehand and plan to arrive early to secure a spot.

Carpooling

Carpooling is a great option for fans who want to reduce their carbon footprint and save on parking costs. Fans can arrange to carpool with friends or family members before the game and split the cost of parking or gas.

Bike Parking

For fans who prefer to bike to the game, many stadiums offer bike parking facilities. Fans can check the availability of bike parking and plan their route to the stadium accordingly.

Walking

Finally, for fans who live close to the stadium, walking is a convenient and healthy option. Fans can check the distance and safety of the walk beforehand and plan to arrive at the stadium early to enjoy the pre-game atmosphere.

FAQs

1. Where is rugby usually played?

Rugby is usually played on a grassy field, with dimensions of about 100 yards long and 50-70 yards wide. The field is divided into two halves, with a goalpost at each end. The goalposts are H-shaped, with the uprights standing 16 feet 6 inches apart and the crossbar 10 feet above the ground. The ball used in rugby is oval-shaped and can be picked up and run with by players.

2. What kind of surface is used for rugby?

Rugby is usually played on natural grass, but it can also be played on artificial turf. Some professional rugby leagues and tournaments may also use other types of surfaces, such as indoor arenas or specialized field turf. The surface must be flat and even, with no holes or uneven spots that could cause players to trip or fall.

3. What is the size of a rugby field?

A rugby field is typically 100 yards long and 50-70 yards wide. The field is divided into two halves, with a goalpost at each end. The goalposts are H-shaped, with the uprights standing 16 feet 6 inches apart and the crossbar 10 feet above the ground. The field may also have markings for other areas of play, such as the 22-meter line, the try line, and the touchline.

4. What is the difference between rugby and American football?

Rugby and American football are both sports that involve a ball and physical contact, but there are some key differences between the two. Rugby is played with an oval-shaped ball, while American football is played with a round ball. Rugby players do not wear helmets or pads, while American football players do. Rugby games are usually shorter in duration than American football games, and there are different rules for scoring and gameplay in each sport.

5. Can rugby be played on any type of field?

Rugby can be played on most types of fields, including natural grass, artificial turf, and specialized field turf. However, the field must be flat and even, with no holes or uneven spots that could cause players to trip or fall. Some professional rugby leagues and tournaments may also have specific requirements for the type of field that can be used.

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